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About Cooling Towers

Cooling towers, sometimes referred to as heat rejection devices, are systems that provide cooling of water and other fluids through the removal of heat from the fluid. Essentially, a cooling tower is comprised of a water tower and a water reservoir pumping system. Hot process water is fed to a cool water reservoir and then pumped to the process again. Heat in the process water is eliminated as spray nozzles distribute it over the wet deck surface. Air is simultaneously blown upward over the wet deck surface. As the stream of air flows past the heated water, the air absorbs the heat, lowering the water temperature. During the process, some of the water evaporates, which increases the amount of heat transfer. The cooled water is returned to the process after being collected in the reservoir.
 
Cooling tower systems produce the airflow through a couple methods. Mechanical draft towers utilize fans located on the sides of the tower in order to create airflow. Forced draft towers have fans located on the side of the cooling towers, while induced draft cooling towers have fans located on the top of the cooling tower to pull air through the tower. Natural draft cooling towers do not use fans but depend upon the rising exhaust air to create the airflow. These cooling towers use very large concrete chimneys and are typically in place only at utility power stations. In some cases, the two methods are used in conjunction with one another to create the required draft of air.
 
Fill pack is located on the wet deck surface and is the heart of most cooling towers. Cooling tower systems typically use PVC or polypropylene materials for fill, although other materials may be used. The labyrinthine design is formed by individual vacuum formed sheets. The sheets space themselves apart when arranged vertically side-by-side, leaving passageways for water and air. The sheets may press against each other or may be glued together. Strength may be gained by folding the edges. The channels (flutes) formed between the adjacent fill sheets are usually at an angle to vertical in order to increase the “hang time” of the water as it falls through the wet deck.
 
Cooling tower systems remain beneficial in cooling fluids, particularly water, in a variety of industrial applications. Useful applications for cooling towers include air conditioning units, dry cleaning, water treatment and power generation. Numerous industries, including water/wastewater, chemical, electric, pulp and paper and plastics industries, utilize the products made by cooling tower manufacturers to reduce heat in industrial facilities and systems. When selecting a cooling tower, consider industrial application, fluid type and volume, tower placement within the facility and environmental factors. Many different cooling tower designs remain available to fulfill customer needs. In addition to standard cooling tower designs, many cooling tower manufacturers offer custom cooling tower design services.

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Types of Cooling Towers

• Ceramic cooling towers have quite an attractive appearance, but are usually more expensive than other cooling towers.
  
• Closed circuit cooling towers are cooling towers in which the air and cooled water or other fluid do not have direct contact.
  
• Cooling tower design determines cost, performance, and efficiency.
  
• Cooling tower manufacturers are companies that make units that cool fluids.
  
• Counterflow cooling towers contain opposing air and water flows. The airflow moves up and the water flow moves downward.
  
• Cross flow cooling towers contain perpendicular air and water flows. The airflow is horizontal, and the water flows vertically downward.
  
• Disinfection cooling towers are used in drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities to assist in the elimination of bacteria, chemicals and other impurities in the water.
  
• Fiberglass cooling towers have great weather resistance, which makes them useful in harsher environmental conditions. These cooling towers also provide good corrosion resistance, which remains advantageous in applications such as water treatments, in which the tower will be exposed to chemicals.
  
• Mechanical draft cooling towers consist of forced draft towers, which contain side fans that force the air through the system, and induced draft cooling towers, which contain overhead fans that pull the air through the system. Mechanical draft cooling towers are often used in smaller cooling tower systems.
  
• Natural draft cooling towers do not utilize fans but rely on exhaust air buoyancy and natural winds to move the air through the system. Natural draft cooling towers are used in applications involving large volumes of water, such as power generation plants.
  
• Open circuit cooling towers are cooling towers in which water is internally distributed within the system with direct contact with the entering air.
  
• Water cooling towers are basic cooling systems used to cool water through contact with airflow. Applications utilizing water cooling towers include air conditioning and water/wastewater.